![]() ![]() A high ratio (more 18O) means that more water in the past was held in the form of glacial ice, representing a cooler period of Earth's climate history. Ice cores These extracted cores from glaciers are useful for long-term climate reconstruction, based on ratios of 18O/16O isotopes in seawater. Lake varves These layers of sediment deposited in annual waves on lake bottoms are typically used in stable, temperate settings where seasonal deposition can leave behind noticeable "lenses" of sediment Packrat middens Because of the nature of their limited range of plant collection, the detritus collected by packrats (Neotoma spp.) serves as evidence of past and localized vegetation around their dens. The outer lining of pollen is made of sporopellenin that resists acid degradation. Pollen analysis (palynology) Fossil pollen can be used to reconstruct past environments. portmanteau biota to describe the variety of biological baggage that colonizers bring to new environments. ![]() ![]() cultural possibilism environments influence but do not determine cultural patterns, shaped human behavior Glacken was not simply discussing human impacts on the environment, but how historical perceptions of environments shaped various trajectories, different track records, of human environment interactions. social Darwinism a racist and unfortunate view of humanity that emphasized the superiority of dominant European groups at the expense of subject populations around the world. In the late 1800s, environmental determinism a school of thought that argued that environments directly shaped and pre-defined human behaviors and capacities, emerged in geography and related disciplines. greatly concerned with the perceived amount of environmental degradation in the Mediterranean. Marsh's Man and nature the first synthesis of ecology sensitive to human impacts. Understand the radical and profound changes to human environments caused by industrialization and modernization, at multiple spatial and temporal scale. Environmental history can help us Understand environments through time: reconciling our understanding of paleoecology. ![]() Second, it examines changes in the ideas we hold about the environment, and how those changes in ideas over time may shift our understandings of human-environment relations. Water pollution - death of Lake Erie through water pollution and eutrophicationġ969 oil spill in Santa Barbara CA - 40 miles of coastline spoiled, thousands of birds killed TV coverage brought attentionġ969 Cuyahoga River (Cleveland) burst into flame, burning bridges with flames up to 200 feet high - one of 13 timesġ978 Love Canal disaster - a former chemical landfill became a 15-acre neighborhood of the City of Niagara Falls, New York Two parts of Environental history explores how humans have modified the natural environment over time. environmental movement 1960-1980 events Air and water pollution - 1948 Donora PA: 6,000 ill and 20 dead in an 8-day air pollution disasterĪir pollution episode in New York City - 1963: 300 died Many economic development programs had pro-conservation implications. New Deal Era an approach to address economic survival and reconstruction with a focus on equity, development of poorer areas, and conservation for development and employment ![]()
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